2.
  -2024
  

(  -I)
:      :70
:    -    ,        
                
    /      
-
1.               

2.             
           
 ?
-
3.               
      
4.               
2.
-
5.              
    
6.   -   ,      
-
7. 21
  -         
   
8.        -     
  
2.
  -2024
  

(  -I)
:      :70
:    -    ,        
                
    /      
-
1.               

:     
 
    ,          
     ,             
      
   -        
  ?        ,    , 
            
    ,           - 
               
  ,     
  '    ,   
          
1.  :    
2.
            -      
  '              
        ,    3      !
        ,            
               
     ,          

         -   
           ,        -
, ,             '  
  
 
        ,    ,  
          
2.  :   
, -    , 
  '      
   
,          ,   
 ,                 
 
  
           ,   
             ,     
       -    ,  
,      
,          -      
     ,   ,        
 
        ,        
  
3.   :   
- 
      ,        
            
 ,    
   
2.
  ,  ,  ,        
          ,     
     ,       
 ,       ,        -
,  , ,          -   
      ,            
   
4.   :  
   , 
         ,   
    ,             
   "     " ,      ,     
     
               
   -   ,         
  - , , ,    -      
 
 ,            
           ,   
     ,             
    
5.  :   
 
   ,             
     
         ,     
  

 -         
     ,            
  "  "    
      ,   
       
,            ,     
 - ,              
   , 
         
2.
6.  :      
,   
    ,     -   - 
      ,     ,       
   
      ,          
           , 
     
           , ,
,          
         ,     :     
    ,         
 
7. 
 :   
                  
    ,    ,       
   ,        ,      - 
   ,    ,        ,
                -
      
     , ,     , 

           
8.  :     
 , 
     ,       
           ,     
      
           -  ,  ,  
         ,       , 

      
       ,       
 
2.
9.   :   

 
  -         
,      ,         ,   
          ,     '  

 
    ,       ,     
       
  -         
:   
  
    ,          
 
              
     ,         ,  
             -     ,
   
  ,             ,  
, ,           
  ,       
 ,       
  
2.             
           
 ?
:󷊆󷊇     
     '        :
1.  
   -   ,       
 
  ,          
 
: ,  ,    
 - :   ,     ,     
 
    ,        
2.    
2.
    ,            
            
   : , , ,    
 :
o  :           
  
o  :         
3.  
 (),    (-)    
  ,    ,  ,    
      :      ,   
   ,      
4.  
      (   , , ,
     )    
 ,   ,         
 ,    ,       
5.  
 , 
       
  
     :     ,  
    ,          
6.    
         ,     
         ,    
           
󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩     
            
 
             
1.   ' ( ):        
  
2.     :, ,       
       
2.
3.    :  -   (    ) 
       
4.    :   ,      
5.  :-  (, )       
 
6.  :,     ,      
     
     
        ,  
 
    '    
󷉍󷉎󷉓󷉏󷉐󷉑󷉒        
           - 
  -  
      
1.    
 
(200 +):     
     
  (100-150 ):        
  
 
(25–75 ):  ()  -  
  
  
(<25 ):         
   
 , -        ,       
          
2. 
      ,      '   
     
  
 
 
     
 
  ,           
 
3.   
  ,     -     
      
            
    ,          
4.    
2.
-   -          
   
 
    '  
 ,       
  
5.   
    
      ,    
   
 ,   
    ,        
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  
         
 -    
   

  ,        
        -    
                 
  
      -  ,  ,    
 ,       
 ,             
 
󼩺󼩻 
           ,   
 ,         
  ,  
            ,      
     ,      
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
            
:        ,  ,  ,  
  
 :       ,   
 ,
  - ,  ' ,   '    
  :
, , ,        
     
2.
 ,         
      
                  , 
 '     '  
       
    ' ,          
-
3.               
      
:  :    
              ,    
      ,       
  
  ,    -  ,        -  
-                
,            
,     
 ,         
        
      
      
;    16
    
     ,  ,        
  ,         ,      
             -    
 -        , ,          
               
   
       
      ,            
  ',                 :
1.  
, , ,         
   ,     '     
 ,   -           
'     
 ,        
2.
     ,        -
,            
2.  
    , ,       ,
   "  "      ,  ,
   -          
    '          , 
      ,       
        
3.  
, ,            ' 
    ,           
 ,      '      , 
     ,    ,       
   ,              
     
     
            
;   , -,          ,     
  
 
  
 ,              
   
 ,       '     ,
,             -   
-     ,  ,       
  ,       ,  ,    
         ,      - 
       
 
         ,  ,  
       ,      ,  
        ,  ,   
     
  ,    ,    
         ' -  ,   
       
 
2.
      
    ,    -     -   
           ,   
          
            ,      
     ,      
 :
1.    
  ,        
 ,     
              
,          ,        
     
2.     
,          -    
            ,    
          
3.   
                
 ,         
 ,   
    
4.   
            ,      
          ,      
        
5.     
    
'   '    
              
    
 ,         
  
6. - 
              ,  
             
    
7.  
   ,          
            '   , 
       
    
2.
    ,   
  , -  
   -  , ,     
               
,         -    
    ,   -  -     
 ,          
:         
     ,            
               
,        -     ,     
     ,          ,  
       
,          ,    
 ,            
  ,       
   
     
         ,
                 

4.               
:󷊆󷊇  :     

- :      (   ),
   (  ),     -   -  
    
 :           
       
 :,         
     
 ,         -  
 -   
      
󷫿󷬀󷬁󷬄󷬅󷬆󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬊󷬋󷬂󷬃        
2.
1. 
:
o     (    )    
    
o  ,   (  )     -
     
 :
o     '       , 
,          
o        ,     
 :
o       ,     
    
 ,        
   
2. 
:
o       
o  ,  (" "),  (  ),  
    
o  ,     ,     
 
 :
o             
o        ,     
:
o   ,         
3.   
:
o    (, , )       
o  ,   ,        
 :
o       ,      
  
o       ,      
  
 :
2.
o              
  
4. 
:
o           
o              , 
          
o       
 :
o         ,     
 
o         '     
5.   
:
o   (, )       
o  ,        ,     
  
 
o   ,        
 :
o  (1849)   (1896)   " "   
  
o ,               
 
:
o ,     ; ,  
  
6. 
:
o        ,   
( ) 
o  ,   ( , ,  , )  
  
 :
o          
o   -        


7.  
2.
 ():    ,    
   -         
   :          

󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩   
        -     :
1.  :
o , , ,      
o , ,      
o    -   ,     

 
2.  :
o       ,      
o   , ,      
3.  :
o , ,      
o   , ,        
    
4.     :
o         
5.    :
o ,          
󷉍󷉎󷉓󷉏󷉐󷉑󷉒    
  -        ,     
   :
       
 ,    '
   
  (   )         ' 
 
       '     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼         |
 :  ,       

 :   , ,      

2.
 : ,         
  
 :   -   ,    
󼩺󼩻 
            
             
                 
 ,           , 
       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
-           -    
        
 
           
        
      
      
        
         ,      
         
 ,                
,         ,     
    
-
5.              
    
:-          
   -   '   ,       
 ,           ,    
       
 -  ,  , , 
          , ,  
2.
               

          
1. -   ( )
  -        ,     
       , ,  ,   
   
   19
    ,       , 
        ,      ,   
       ,  ,       
     -    ,      
  ,             

    , , ,     '  
       ,        
  
-    :
,        
      ,    
      -    
  ,       
          ,   
    
2.    
, 
        ,   , ,
,               
     ,     ,   ,      
 -       
      ,      ,  
   ,          
 -     -   
     :
2.
       , ,    '
  
  
  ,       

           
         
  ,           ,  
  
3.    ( )
   ,        ,  20
 ,          , ,   
   
 ,     (    ),      
 ,           
   ,       ,       

    :
    ,  
     
   
 ,     '   
     ,   
          ,       
     -    '   
4.    ( )
    , 
     ,   ,
             
 
   ,  , ,    
 
,       , , ,  
             
           ,    ,
         
2.
    :
 , -  - ,  ,  
 '  
           
     
         
-   ,      '   
,       ,   
 
5.    ()
    ,    (  )   
  ,          
       ,          
     , ,       
  ,   '    ,       
 ,       
 
   ()  :
,     '   
   (   )   
     -     
          ,     
 
         -
 
 
6.     ()
 ,    ,      - , 
  -       '       
,  ,    -  '  
     :
 - ()  - (, ) 
     '  
2.
      ,       '
    
-     ,    

-    - -          
-  ,             
 - , ,       
      ,
   ,          
 ,        , -  

   -        '   
  
 ,  
 '     
 ,  
 , 
           ,     
            
 - 
,         
6.   -   ,      
:󷊆󷊇-   ?
-             
:
  
  
   
      
  
       
     
 :
   
    
 
  
    
2.
󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩      
             -     
 ' -     
1.     
: ( ), , , ,    
 
:           
 
:            
        
2.  
: , , , ,  ,   ()
 
:          
:    ,    ,   
      
3.  
:  , ,    
 
:         - 
:              ,  
  '  
 
4.  
:, , , ,  
 
:           

:   (   ), 
  , 
   
5.  
:, , , , 
 
: ,             
:          
6.  
:, , ,  
2.
 
:          
:            
7.       
:, ,    ; ,  ,  
 ;     
:           
8.  - 
   ( ) 
  ,     
     
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 
 : -       ,    
         
    
'
:      ;    '   
  
:      '    ,   
 "  " 
 
:     ;     
   
:           
:         '   
     :     , 
-            
󽁔󽁕󽁖      
    ,          
1.   ' 
      (     )
    (        )  

       -       
   '   
2.  
2.
        ,    
      
       
 
3.    
             
  
 
          
 
4.  

    '   ,    ,    
  
 ,             
5.  
   (, ),  (),  -   ( ,
)          
         
6.      
        
    
     ,      
7.     
 ,         

 ,          -
       
8.     
      ,         
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
   ,  :
:   -  (      
)  
2.
:
     
  :, ,       
  :        
 :            
 : , -    

󼩺󼩻 
             ,  
   
            
               ( 
),     ( ),    
      
          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
          
:          -     ,
   ,     ,   ,   
  ,    ,       
: , ,        '  ,   
,          
:  ' ,  ,   , 
         
 , ,  ,     ,   ,  
                
        
-
7. 21
  -         
   
:21
  -         
         '   ,      
   :     ,   ,      
,      
   ,     
   ,    ,         , 
 '               ,  
2.
          21
  - -
    -            
      ,   -    
 
-   
21
               
         , -    , 
       '   
  :      , 2000   281
    2020  330      ,       
      ,         2.1   
             ,    
   -   78-79     -    
 
:   -  ,         
21
  ,      20%   ,    
          ,  ,   
 ,           
 ,             , 
  '          
 
 :  
-               
       (1946-1964)           
,         
 , 65            16-17%  
 ,  2030     20%     
 ,      ,  18%  65      
        :  ,    -
       ,         - 
      ,       
 
2.
   
-        ,      
   
 
  :    ,    
   - ,        
       ,    
  ,         
     
:    ,       
   ,          
   ,         
  ,    -       
            
 :   , -        
     ,   ,     
         ,     - 
      
 :21
           -
      ,      ,  -
  ,            
  ,         
   
21
       -      
            :
   , ,        , 
,            
  2020 ,      40%    
 
  -    ,   ,   
             
      ,   ,   
        
             
 
       ,     
    
2.
    
-             
 ,       ,   
 ,   -        ,
  ,     ( , , , ) , 
      
-19     -      ,    
     -         
   ,            
   
 , -         
 :
1. -  - : ,   ,  
   
2.    :   ,   ,   
3. :,           ; 
        
4. : ,  - ,   ' , 
  ,     

21
  -     , ,      
      ,     ,     '
           -  , 
 ,           ,     
             

 , -            :
, ,         ,    
               
     -      ,   ,  
    
2.
8.        -     
  
:󷇮󷇭     
1.    - 
 (, , , , )  
     ,  ,       
           ,    
 -,    
 
-   ,   ,      '
              , 
          
2.    
, ,  ,       
, ,              
    
 
  , , ,            
   '     
3.    
, ,            
    ,       
 , ,         ,  
          
4.    
, , ,       ,  
         ,      
 ,       ,  ,   
        - '  , 
  
5.     
 ( , , )    ,
 ,   -  
 (,   ,   )    
,
       
2.
6.   
    ,      :
o   ,       ,   
         
o  ,      ,     
    
󽁌󽁍󽁎       |
,   
  ?    ,        
1.    
           ,  
      '   
           ,   
   '  
  ,         
    -       ,   
 
2.     
  , ,       ,       
  
   "   "  "  "  
 
3.    
  ,   ,         

  
         

 
-            
 
4.      
 ,            
,              
     
  ,            

2.
5.   '  
         (    ,
  ,   ) '     
   -       
             
6.    
 ,  ,           
-  
   ,  
 ,      


7.     
        
          ,   -
               
     ,      
8.  
/,       -  
   ,              
      (   )   

 
9.    
 ( )     , -       
-    '          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
:      ,         , 
  -    
 :         
 :       ,      
 ,   "-  "   
󼩺󼩻 
2.
         ,  
     -           ,
     
  -       
      
 
    ,   

       ,      
 , 
       
  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
         :
  - ,     ,    ,
         
   ,  ,  , ,   
,         
 ,      
        -  
,   ,   ,  -   
,  ,           ,  
           
 ,            -     ,
  ,        -      
"               

       ,         "